Proof that previously used estimators of electoral incumbency advantage were biased, and a new unbiased estimator. Also, the first systematic demonstration that constituency service by legislators increases the incumbency advantage.
Proves that all previous measures of incumbency advantage in the congressional elections literature were biased or inconsistent, and develops an unbiased estimator based on a simple linear regression model. . 1990. “Estimating Incumbency Advantage Without Bias.” American Journal of Political Science, 34, Pp. 1142–1164.Abstract